硅肥对甘蔗光合特性和产量的影响

在温室条件下,以每桶施用26g N＋1.76g P＋20g K为对照,进行6个不同硅肥施用水平处理（20,40,60,80,120和150 g/桶）桶栽试验,探讨硅肥对新台22号甘蔗产量构成因素、光合特性、N、P、K和Si的影响。结果表明,大部分硅肥（硅酸钙）处理较对照显著提高甘蔗叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度;不同硅肥处理之间的甘蔗叶片P含量差异不大,部分处理的P含量略有增加;施用硅肥可显著降低叶片N、K含量,但随着硅肥施用量的增加,叶片Si含量逐渐提高。硅肥处理较对照显著提高每桶甘蔗干物质含量（26%～70%）和甘蔗产量（30%～60%）。此外,在收获期,硅肥处理的甘蔗植株硅含量可达2.64%。     

土壤供硅能力与硅肥应用研究进展

综述了硅在土壤中的分布、存在状态以土壤的供硅状况,介绍了硅在作物生长中的作用,阐述了硅肥的资源及其种类.分析了硅肥的应用研究进展.     

氟虫腈药液在水稻叶片上的沉积特性研究

以氟虫腈悬浮剂为研究对象探讨了药液在水稻叶片上的沉积特性。随着雾流方向角增大,药液在稻叶上的沉积量显著增加,雾流方向角为30°、45°与60°处理时药液的沉积量分别比0°处理者提高了16.6％、39.3％与70.1％。随着雾滴体积中径(VMD)增大,氟虫腈药液在稻叶上的沉积量降低,VMD为157.3、193.2、215.4、233.7 μm 处理的药液沉积量分别比VMD 149.5 μm处理降低了16.2％、39.1％、49.5％与66.4％。施药液量少于339 L/hm2时,药液在稻叶上的沉积效率较高,为25.6％ ~28.1％,药液在稻叶上的最大稳定持留量约为 1.42 μL/cm2。较少施药液量和较小雾滴的处理,加入有机硅(150 g/hm2)后药液的沉积量可提高80％ ~150％,但施药液量增加至694.5 L/hm2 (VMD 233.7 μm)时,药液沉积量未增加。根据本实验结果,施药时采用较小雾滴和较少施药液量,雾流方向角45°~60°,并加入有机硅作为喷雾助剂,药液在稻叶上的沉积效率较高。     

水稻土施用钢渣硅钙肥对土壤硅素形态和水稻生长的影响

钢渣是钢铁厂的副产品,富含硅、钙等养分,是优良的硅钙肥原料。但钢渣为强碱性物质,在稻田施用后对土壤p H值及硅素形态的影响需要阐明。2013年3―12月,通过早稻~晚稻连续2季钢渣硅钙肥温室盆栽试验,研究了钢渣施用对土壤p H值、土壤硅素形态以及水稻生长和植物硅素吸收的影响。结果表明,随着钢渣硅钙肥施用量的增加土壤p H值、土壤水溶性硅量、土壤有效硅量以及植株秸秆硅量均呈增加趋势,当土中施用钢渣有效Si O2用量高于1 600 mg/kg时(Si4和Si5处理),上述指标均显著高于CK。土壤无定形硅量随钢渣施用量的增加则表现出降低趋势,无定形硅量与有效硅量呈显著负相关关系。施入钢渣硅钙肥促进了水稻的生长发育,在2季水稻中,Si4和Si5处理秸秆+叶片干物质量较CK提高了11.9%~17.0%,籽粒干物质量较CK提高了9.52%~20.6%。     

Effect of Silicon Fertilization on Growth,Yield, and Nutrient Uptake of Rice

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of silicon (diatomaceous earth, DE) fertilization on growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of rice during the kharif season of 2012 and 2013 in the new alluvial zone of West Bengal, India. Results showed that application of silicon significantly increased grain and straw yield as well as yield-attributing parameters such as plant height (cm), number of tillers m^?2, number of panicle m^?2, and 1000-grain weight (g) of rice. The greatest grain and straw yields were observed in the treatment T₆ (DE at 600 kg ha^?1 in combination with standard fertilizer practice (SFP). The concentration and uptake of silicon, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in grain and straw were also greater under this treatment compared to others. It was concluded that application of DE at 600 kg ha^?1 along with SFP resulted increased grain, straw, and uptake of NPK.     

Establishing Soil Silicon Test Procedure and Critical Silicon Level for Rice in Louisiana Soils

Calibration of crop responses to applied silicon (Si) serves as a basis for developing Si fertilizer recommendation guidelines. A greenhouse experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with five replications, two sources of Si (wollastonite and slag) and four Si rates (0, 170, 340 and 680 kg ha^?1) to calibrate plant-available Si for growing rice in Louisiana soils. Silicon concentrations were determined in soils using seven different extraction procedures. Based on a quadratic model (p < 0.05), the estimated soil Si critical level using 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂) for Sharkey clay soil was 110 mg kg^?1 while for Crowley silt loam and Commerce silt loam, levels were 37 and 43 mg kg^?1, respectively. These results suggest that suitability of an extractant that gives the best estimate of plant-available Si could considerably depend on soil type and it is unlikely that there is a universal extractant for all soils.     

Effect of silicon on photosynthetic gas exchange,photosynthetic pigments,cell membrane stability and relative water content of different wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions

This study aims to explain the effects of silicon (Si) foliar application on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability and leaf relative water content of different wheat cultivars in the field under drought stress conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regime (100%, 60%, and 40% F.C.), silicon (control and Si application) and wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Chamran, and Sirvan) were considered as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during 2012–2013 growing season. The results showed that foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars, especially in Sirvan and Chamran (drought tolerant cultivars), under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, more improvement was observed under drought stress as compared to the non-stress condition. In contrast, these parameters decreased under drought stress. Si significantly decreased electrolyte leakage in all four cultivars under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (C_i) increased under drought stress. Si application decreased C_i especially under drought stress conditions. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s) were significantly decreased under drought conditions. Under drought, Si applied plants showed significantly higher leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (C_E) decreased in all cultivars under drought stress. However, the silicon-applied plants had greater WUEi and C_E under drought stress. The stomatal limitation was found to be higher in stressed plants compared to the control. Exogenously applied silicon also decreased stomatal limitation. Overall, application of Si was found beneficial for improving drought tolerance of wheat plants.     

不同供氮水平下加硅对香蕉生长与氮营养的影响

采用砂培方法,探讨在正常供氮(200mg/L)和高供氮条件下(400mg/L)加硅对3个香蕉品种生长与氮营养的影响。结果表明:正常供氮和高供氮条件下加硅显著影响3个香蕉品种的生物量、根系活力、硝态氮含量、全氮与硅含量,显著影响氮、硅在根系与地上部分的分配比例,不同品种香蕉响应特征不同,香蕉硅氮代谢相互影响。加硅对宝岛蕉和威廉斯蕉地上部分生物量或根系生物量在2个供氮水平间的变化规律影响不显著,加硅降低或提高这种变化程度。巴西蕉在正常供氮条件下、宝岛蕉和威廉斯蕉在高供氮条件下,加硅提高根系活力,分别较对照提高46.0%、38.4%和1.86倍;加硅降低巴西蕉根系氮与叶片氮含量比例,宝岛蕉、威廉斯蕉在正常供氮条件下加硅提高根系中氮/假茎氮含量比例;加硅显著提高香蕉叶片硅含量,较对照提高17.6%～102.3%;加硅对根系和假茎硅含量影响分别与供氮水平与香蕉品种有关;高氮不加硅条件下,根系中硅含量与氮含量呈显著正相关。     

水稻新型苗床调理剂——苗壮丰的开发与应用

为解决现有的固体水稻苗床调理剂在生产应用中存在的与床土拌和花工费时、不容易拌匀施匀等问题,经多年攻关研究,成功开发出可拌种/包衣、播时洒施、播后芽前喷施、立针期喷施的液体水稻苗床调理剂——苗壮丰。产品除N、P2O5、K2O总养分≥210(140-45-25)g/L,有机质含量≥30g/L,pH值≤6,微量元素≥5.5g/L(其中Zn≥2.0)之外,还添加了促进根系发育、提高光合效率、控制养分流失等成分。跟现有产品相比,不仅使用方便、省事省工,且对出苗较为安全,能达到比较好的壮苗效果,根系发达、株高适中、假茎增粗、干物质量增加、秧龄弹性增大。2017年海安试验表明,与空白对照相比,播后芽前喷施苗壮丰的处理白根数增40.5%,株高矮1.98cm,茎基宽增38.9%,SPAD值增55.1%,百苗干物质量增44.9%。为了更好的使用该新产品,文中最后给出水稻新型苗床调理剂——苗壮丰的使用技术。     

硅肥对水稻增产提质抗病虫的影响研究进展

在"两减一增"目标下的农业生产要打破常规的惯性思维,科学布局;在减少使用化肥农药的情况下,笔者认为可以通过合理施用硅肥来实现稳产增产。本文综合阐述了硅肥施用对水稻增产提质,提高水稻对病虫害的抗性以及对重金属镉吸收转运的影响,使广大稻农意识到使用硅肥的重要性。